表面处理及电化学术语详解

前处理术语

01 镀前处理 preplating
为使制件材质暴露出真实表面，消除内应力及其它特殊目的所需，除去油污、氧化物及内应力等种种前置技术处理。广义上讲，前处理包括除油、浸蚀、磨光、抛光、滚光、吹砂、局部保护、装挂、加辅助电极等
02 基体材料 basis material(substrate)
能在其上沉积金属或形成膜层的材料。
03 不连续水膜 water break
制件表面因污染所引起的不均匀润湿性而使其水膜不连续的现象，这是一种检查清洗程度的方法。
04 机械抛光 mechanical polishing
借助高速旋转的抹有抛光膏的抛光轮以提高金属制件表面平整和光亮程度的机械加工过程。
05 刷光 brushing
旋转的金属或非金属刷轮(或刷子)对制件表面进行加工以清除表面上残存的附着物，并使表面呈现一定光泽的过程
06 滚光 barrel burnishing
将制件装在盛有磨料和滚光液的旋转容器中进行滚磨出光的过程。
07 磨光 grinding
借助粘有磨料的磨轮对金属制件进行抛磨以提高制件表面平整度的机械加工过程。
08 喷丸 shot blasting
用硬而小的球，如金属丸喷射金属表面的过程，其作用是加压强化该表面，使之硬化或具有装饰的效果。
09 喷砂 sand blasting
喷射砂粒流冲击制件表面而达到去污、除锈或粗化的过程。
10 有机溶剂除油 solvent degreasing
利用有机溶剂清除制件表面油污的过程。
11 皂化 saponification
油脂在碱性条件下的水解
12 乳化 emulsification
一种液体以极微小液滴均匀地分散在互不相溶的另一种液体中的现象。
13 乳化除油 emulsion degreasing
用含有有机溶剂、水和乳化剂的液体除去制件表面油污的过程。
14 喷射清洗 spray rinsing
用喷射的细液流冲洗制件以提高清洗效果，并节约用水的清洗方法。
15 超声波清洗 ultrasonic cleaning
用超声波作用于清洗溶液，以更有效地除去制件表面油污及其他杂质的方法。
16 弱浸蚀 acid dipping
金属制件在电镀前浸入一定的溶液中，以除去表面上极薄的氧化膜并使表面活化的过程。
16 强浸蚀 pickling
将金属制件浸在较高浓度和一定温度的浸蚀液中，以除去其上的氧化物和锈蚀物等的过程。
17 光亮浸蚀 bright pickling
用化学或电化学方法除去金属制件表面的氧化物或其他化合物使之呈现光亮的过程。
18 化学抛光 chemical polishing
金属制件在一定的溶液中进行处理以获得平整、光亮表面的过程。
19 化学除油 alkaline degreasing
借皂化和乳化作用在碱性溶液中清除制件表面油污的过程。
20 电抛光 electropolishing
金属制件在合适的溶液中进行阳极极化处理以使表面平滑、光亮的过程。
21 电解除油 electrolytic degreasing
金属制件作为阳极或阴极在碱溶液中进行电解以清除制件表面油污的过程。
22 电解浸蚀 electrolytic pickling
金属制件作为阳极或阴极在电解质溶液中进行电解以清除制件表面氧化物和锈蚀物的过程。

电镀术语

23 电极 electrode
置于导电介质(如电解液、熔融物、固体、或气体)中的导体。电流通过它流入或流出导电介质。
24 正极 positive electrode
在原电池的两个电极中电势较正的电极。
25 负极 negative electrode
在原电池的两个电极中电势较负的电极。
26 极间距Interelectrode distance
原电池或电解槽中两电极(正、负极或阴、阳极)之间的距离。
27 双极性电极 bipolar electrode
一个不与外电源相连的，浸入阳极与阴极间电解液中的导体。靠近阳极的那部分导体起着阴极的作用，而靠近阴极的部分起着阳极的作用。
28 阳极 anode
发生氧化反应的电极，即能接受反应物所给出电子的电极。
29 阳极泥 anode slime
在电流作用下，阳极溶解过程中产生的不溶性残渣。
30 阳极性镀层 anodic coating
比基体金属的电极电势更负的金属镀层。
31 电镀用阳极 anodes for plating
32 不溶性阳极(惰性阳极) inert anode
在电流通过时，不发生阳极溶解反应的阳极
33 阳极袋 anode bag
用棉布或化纤织物制成的套在阳极上，以防止阳极泥渣进入溶液用的袋子。
34 辅助阳极 auxiliary anode
为了改善被镀制件表面上的电流分布而使用的附加阳极。
35 阴极 cathode
发生还原反应的电极，即反应物于其上获得电子的电极。
36 阴极性镀层 cathodic coating
比基体金属的电极电势更正的金属镀层
37 辅助阴极 auxiliary cathode
为了消除被镀制件上某些部位由于电力线过于集中而出现的毛刺和烧焦等毛病，在该部位附近另加某种形状的阴极，用以消耗部分电流，这种附加的阴极就是辅助阴极。
38 移动阴极 swept cathode
被镀制件与极杠连在一起作周期性往复运动的阴极。
39 阴极性镀层 cathodic coating
电极电位的代数值比基体金属大的金属镀层。
40 电流密度 current density
单位面积电极上通过的电流强度，通常以A／dm2表示。
41 电流密度范围 current density range
能获得合格镀层的电流密度区间。
42 冲击电流 striking current
电镀过程中通过的瞬时大电流。
43 体积电流密度 volume current density
单位体积电解质溶液中通过的电流强度。通常以A／L表示。
44 临界电流密度 critical current density
在电镀所需电极反应的电势范围内，能够维持反应进行的最高或最低电流密度。高于最高电流密度时，电势移动超出所需范围，将有新的副反应发生。低于最低电流密度时，电极反应速率降低而达不到生产上的要求。
45 极限电流密度 limited current density
由于发生浓差极化至使阴极界面主盐金属离子浓度趋近于零且镀层出现烧焦现象时的最小电流密度
46 电流效率 current efficiency
电极上通过单位电量时，电极反应生成物的实际质量与电化当量之比，通常以％表示。
47 沉积速度 deposit rate
单位时间内零件表面沉积出金属的厚度。
48 分散能力 throwing power
在特定条件下，一定溶液使电极（通常是阴极）镀层分布比初次电流分布所获得的结果更为均匀的能力。亦称均镀能力。此名词也可用于阳极过程，其定义与上述者类似。
49 覆盖能力 covering power
镀液在特定条件下凹槽或深孔处沉积金属的能力。亦称深镀能力。
50 微观覆盖能力 microcovering power
在一定条件下电镀液中金属离子在孔隙或划痕中电沉积的能力。
51 整平作用 leveling action
镀液使镀层表面比基体表面更平滑的能力。
52 初次电流分布 primary current distribution
不存在电极极化时，电流在电极表面上的分布。
53 活化 activation
用调整有效离子浓度，达到理想行为以消除电极表面的钝化状态。
54 钝化 passivation
在一定溶液中使金属阳极极化超过一定数值后，金属溶解速率不但不增大，反而剧烈减小，这种使金属表面由"活化态"转变为"钝态"的过程称为钝化。由阳极极化引起的钝化为电化学钝化，而由溶液中某些钝化剂的作用引起的钝化则称为化学钝化。
55 渗氢 seepage hydrogen
金属制件在浸蚀、除油或电镀等过程中常有吸附氢原子的这种现象。
56 pH值 pH value
氢离子活度αH+(或近似地用浓度)的常用对数的负值，即pH＝一logaH+。
57 pH计 pH meter
测定溶液pH值的仪器。
58 析气 gassing
电解过程中电极上有明显可见的气体析出现象。
59 槽电压 tank voltage
电解时单元电解槽两极间总电势差。
60 静态电极电势 static electrode potential
无外电流通过时，金属电极在电解液中的电极电势。
61 主要表面 signiflcant surface
制件上电镀前后的规定表面，该表面上的镀层对于制件的外观和(或)使用性能是极为重要的。
62 绝缘层 insulated layer (resist)
涂敷在电极或挂具的某一部分，使该部位表面不导电的涂层。
63 挂具(夹具) plating rack
用来装挂零件，以便于将它们放入槽中进行电镀或其它处理的工具。
64 汇流排 busbar
连接整流器（或直流发电机）与镀槽供导电用的铜排或铝排。

后处理术语

65 后处理 post-treatment process
是对膜层和镀层的辅助处理。
66 镀后处理 postplating
为使镀件增强防护性能，提高装饰性能及其它特殊目的而进行的（诸如钝化、热熔、封闭和除氢等）处理。
67 镀后处理 postplating
为使镀件增强防护性能、装饰性及其他特殊目的而进行的(如钝化、热熔、封闭和除氢等等)电镀后置技术处理。
68 除氢 removal of hydrogen (de-embrittlement )
金属制件在一定温度下加热或采用其他处理方法以驱除金属内部吸收氢的过程。
69 退火 annealing
退火是一种热处理工艺，将镀件加热到一定的温度，保温一定时间后缓慢冷却的热处理工艺。退火处理可消除镀层中的吸收氢，减小镀层内应力，从而降低其脆性；也可以改变镀层的晶粒状态或相结构，以改善镀层的力学性质或使其具有一定的电性、磁性或其他性能。
70 逆流漂洗 countercurrent rinsing
制件的运行方向与清洗水流动方向相反的多道清洗过程。
71 退镀 stripping
退除制件表面镀层的过程。
72 热扩散 thermal diffusion
加热处理镀件，使基体金属和沉积金属(一种或多种)扩散形成合金层的过程。
73 热熔 hot melting
为了改善锡或锡铅合金等镀层的外观及化学稳定性，在比镀覆金属的熔点稍高的温度下加热处理镀件，使镀层表面熔化并重新结晶的过程。

镀液成份术语

74 光亮剂
少量加入镀液中可获得光亮镀层的添加剂。
75 阻化剂
能够减缓化学反应或电化学反应速度的物质。
76 表面活性剂
在添加量很低的情况下也能显著降低界面张力的物质，常用作洗涤剂、乳化剂、润湿剂、分散剂、起泡剂等。
77 乳化剂
能降低互不相溶的液体间的界面张力，使之形成乳浊液的物质。
78 络合剂
能与金属离子或含有金属离子的化合物结合而形成络合物的物质。
79 缓冲剂
能够使溶液PH值在一定范围内维持基本恒定的物质。
80 润湿剂
能降低制件与溶液间的界面张力，使制件表面易于被溶液润湿的物质。
81 添加剂
加入镀液中能改进镀液的电化学性能和改善镀层质量的少量添加物。
82 缓冲剂
能使溶液pH值在一定范围内维持基本恒定的物质。
83 整平剂
在电镀过程中能够改善基体表面微观平整性，以获得平整光滑镀层的添加剂。
84 助滤剂
为防止滤渣堆积过于密实，使过滤顺利进行，而使用细碎程度不同的不溶液性惰性材料。
85 阻化剂
能减小化学反应或电化学反应速率的物质，例如强浸蚀中使用的缓蚀剂。
86 配位剂
能与金属离子或原子结合而形成配位化合物的物质。
87 螯合物
中心离子与配体多位配合形成的具有环状结构的配位化合物。
88 螯合剂
能与金属离子形成螯合物的物质。
89 配位剂
能与金属离子或原子结合而形成配位化合物的物质。
90 主 盐
电镀溶液中，含主要镀层金属离子的盐

镀层质量术语

91 孔隙率
单位面积上针孔的个数。
92 针孔
从镀层表面直至底层覆盖层或基体金属的微小孔道，它是由于阴极表面上 的某些点 的电沉积过程受到障碍，使该处不能沉积镀层，而周围的镀层却不断加厚所造成。
93 变色
由于腐蚀而引起的金属或镀层表面色泽的变化(如发暗、失色等)。
94 结合力
镀层与基体材料结合的强度。
95 内应力
在电镀过程中由于种种原因引起镀层晶体结构的变化，使镀层被拉伸或压缩，但因镀层已被固定在基体上，遂使镀层处于受力状态，这种作用于镀层的内力称为内应力。
96 氢脆
由于浸蚀，除油或电镀等过程中金属或合金吸收氢原子和有应力存在下而引起的脆性。
97 起皮
镀层成片状脱离基体材料的现象。
98 剥离
某些原因（例如不均匀的热膨胀或收缩）引起的表面镀层的破碎或脱落。
99 桔皮
类似于桔皮波纹状的表面处理层。
100 海绵状镀层
在电镀过程中形成的与基体材料结合不牢固的疏松多孔的沉积物。
101 烧焦镀层
在过高电流下形成的颜色黑暗、粗糙、松散等质量不佳的沉积物，其中常含有氧化物或其他杂质。
102 麻点
在电镀或腐蚀中，与金属表面上形成的小坑或小孔。
103 粗糙
在电镀过程中，由于种种原因造成的镀层粗糙不光滑的现象。
104 镀层钎焊性
镀层表面被熔融焊料润湿的能力。

各种表面处理术语

105 电镀 electroplating
利用电解在制件表面形成均匀、致密、结合良好的金属或合金沉积层的过程。
106 金属电沉积 metal electrodeposition
借助于电解使用权溶液中金属离子在电极上还原并形成金属相的过程。包括电镀、电铸、电解精炼等。
107 电铸 electroforming
通过电解使金属沉积在铸模上制造或复制金属制品（能将铸模和金属沉积物分开）的过程。
108 电解 electrolyzing
使电流通过电解质溶液而在阳极，阴极引起氧化还原反应的过程。
109 叠加电流电镀 supermposed current electroplating
在直流电流上叠加脉冲电流或交流电流的电镀。
110 多层电镀 multilayer plating
在同一基体上先后沉积上几层性质或材料不同金属层的电镀。
111 复合电镀（弥散电镀） composite plating
用电化学法或化学法使用权金属离子与均匀悬浮在溶液中的不溶液性非金属或其他金属微粒同时沉积而获得复合镀层的过程。
112 高速电镀 high speed electrodeposition
为获得高的沉积速率，采用特殊的措施，在极高的阴极电流密度下进行电镀的过程。
113 挂镀 rack plating
利用挂具吊挂制件进行的电镀。
114 合金电镀 alloy plating
在电流作用下，使两种或两种以上金属（也包括非金属元素）共沉积的过程。
115 冲击镀 strik plating
在特定的溶液中以高的电流密度，短时间电沉积出金属薄层，以改善随后沉积镀层与基体间结合力的方法。
116 光亮电镀 bright plating
在适当的条件下，从镀槽中直接得到具有光泽镀层的电镀。
117 滚镀 barrel plating
制件在回转容器中进行电镀。适用于小型零件。
118 化学镀（自催化镀） autocalytic plating
在经活化处理的基体表面上，镀液中金属离子被催化还原形成金属镀层的过程。
119 机械镀 mechanical plating
在细金属粉和合适的化学试剂存在下，用坚硬的小圆球撞击金属表面，以使细金属粉覆盖该表面。
120 激光电镀 laser electroplating
在激光作用下的电镀。
121 浸镀 immersion plate
由一种金属从溶液中置换另一种金属的置换反应产生的金属沉积物。
122 脉冲电镀 pulse plating
用脉冲电源代替直流电源的电镀。
123 热抗散 thermal diffusion
加热处理镀件，使基体金属和沉积金属（一种或多种）扩散形成合金的过程。
124 闪镀 flash(flash plate)
电时间极短产生薄层的电镀。
125 周期转向电镀 periodic reverse plating
电流方向周期性变化的电镀。
126 刷镀 brush plating
用一个同阳极连接并能提供电镀需要的电解液的电极或刷，在作为阴极的制件上移动进行选择电镀的方法。
127 塑料电镀 plating on plastics(plastic plating process)
在塑料制件上电沉积金属镀层的过程。
128 粗化 roughening
用机械法或化学法使制件表面得到微观粗糙，使之由憎液性变为亲液性，以提高镀层与制件表面之间的结合力的一种非导电材料化学镀前处理工艺。
129 敏化 sensitization
将粗化处理过的非导电制件于敏化液中浸渍，使其表面吸附一层还原性物质，以便随后进行活化处理时，可在制件表面还原贵金属离子以形成"活化层"或"催化膜"，从而加速化学镀反应的过程。
130 汞齐化 amalgamation (blue dip)
将铜或铜合金等金属制件浸在汞盐溶液中，使制件表面形成汞齐的过程。
134 封闭 sealing
在铝件阳极氧化后，为降低经阳极氧化形成氧化膜的孔隙率，经由在水溶液或蒸汽介质中进行的物理、化学处理。其目的在于增大阳极覆盖层的抗污能力及耐蚀性能，改善覆盖层着色的持久性或赋予别的所需要的性质。
135 着色 colouring
让有机或无机染料吸附在多孔的阳极氧化膜上使之呈现各种颜色的过程。
136 脱色 decolorization
用脱色剂去除已着色的氧化膜上颜色的过程。
137 出光或浸亮或光饰 bright dipping
金属制件在溶液中短时间浸泡形成光亮表面的过程。
138 缎面加工 satin finish
使制件表面成为漫反射层的处理过程。经过处理的表面具有缎面状非镜面闪烁光泽。
139 转化膜 conversion coating
金属经化学或电化学处理所形成的含有该金属化合物的表面膜层，例如锌或镉上的铬酸盐膜或钢上的氧化膜。
140 磷 化 phosphating
在钢铁制件表面上形成一层难溶的磷酸盐保护膜的处理过程。
141 钢铁发蓝(钢铁化学氧化）blueing(chemical oxide)
将钢铁制件在空气中加热或浸入氧化 性溶液中，使其表面形成通常为蓝（黑）色的氧化膜的过程。
142 化学氧化 chemical oxide
通过化学处理使金属表面形成氧化膜的过程。
143 电化学氧化 electrochemical oxide
在一定电解液中以金属制件为阳极，经电解，于制件表面形成一层具有防护性，装饰性或其它功能氧化膜的过程。
144 化学钝化 Chemical passivate
将制件放在含有氧化剂的溶液中处理，使表面形成一层很薄的钝态保护膜的过程。
145 镀硬铬 chromium plating
是指在各种基体材料上镀较厚的铬层而言。实际上其硬度并不比装饰铬层硬，如镀层不光亮反而比装饰铬镀层软。只因其镀层厚能发挥其硬度高、耐磨的特点，故称镀硬铬。
146 电泳 electrophoresis
液体介质中带电的胶体微粒在外电场作用下相对液体的迁移现象。

电化学术语

147 化学腐蚀 chemical corrosion
金属在非电化学作用下的腐蚀(氧化)过程。通常指在非电解质溶液及干燥气体中，纯化学作用引起的腐蚀。
148 双电层 electric double layer
电极与电解质溶液界面上存在的大小相等符号相反的电荷层。
149 分解电压 decomposition voltage
能使电化学反应以明显速度持续进行的最小电压(溶液的欧姆电压降不包括在内)。
150 电化学 electrochemistry
研究电子导体和离子导体的接触界面性质及其所发生变化的科学。
151 电化学极化(活化极化) activation polarization
由于电化学反应在进行中遇到困难而引起的极化。
152 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
在卑解质溶掖中或金属表面上的液膜中，服从于电化学反应规律的金属腐蚀(氧化)过程
153 电化当量 electrochemical equivalent
在电极上通过单位电量（例如1安时，1库仑或1法拉第时），电极反应形成产物之理论重量。通常以克/库仑或克/安时表示。
154 电导率(比电导) conductivity
单位截面积和单位长度的导体之电导，通常以S／m表示。
155 电动势 electromotive force
原电池开路时两极间的电势差。
156 钝化电势 passivation potential
金属电极阳极极化时，金属阳极溶解速率突然下降的电势。通常腐蚀电流在达到钝化电势前经历一极大值。
157 腐蚀电势 corrosion potential
金属材料在特定的腐蚀环境中自发建立的稳定电极电势。
158 腐蚀速率，腐蚀电流 corrosion rate(vcor)，corrosion current(Icor)
腐蚀速率是材料特定表面上单位时间物质转变的量。或按法拉第定律，腐蚀速率是腐蚀电势下的电流。
腐蚀电流为: Icor = n×F×vcor；
式中：n-电极反应的电子数；F-法拉第常数；vcor-腐蚀速率。
159 电极电势 electrode potential
在标准状态下，某电极与标准氢电极(作为负极)组成原电池，所测得的电动势称为该电极的氢标
电极电势，或简称电极电势。各种电极的氢标电极电势可以表示出电极与溶液界面间电势差的相对大小。
160 电解质 electrolyte
本身具有离子导电性或在一定条件下(例如高温熔融或溶于溶剂形成溶液)能够呈现离子导电性的物质。
161 电解液 electrolytic solution
具有离子导电性的溶液。
162 电离度 degree of ionization
溶液中的电解质以自由离子存在的摩尔数与其总摩尔数之比。通常以％表示。
163 去极化 depolarization
在电解质溶液或电极中加入某种去极剂而使电极极化降低的现象。
164 平衡电极电势 equilibrium electrode potential
电极反应处于热力学平衡状态的电极电势。
165 迁移数 transport number
电流通过电解质溶液时，溶液中某种离子携带的电流与通过的总电流之比称为该离子的迁移数。
166 超电势 overpotential
电极上有电流通过时的电极电势与热力学平衡电极电势的差值。
167 扩散层 diffusion layer
电流通过时在电极表面附近存在着浓度梯度的溶液薄层。
168 杂散电流 stray current
在需要通过电流的线路以外的其他回路(例如镀槽槽体或加热器等)中流过的电流。
169 导电盐 conducting salt
添加到电解液中能够提高溶液电导率的盐类物质。
170 沉积速率 deposition rate
单位时间内镀件表面沉积出金属的厚度。通常以μm／h表示。
171 局部腐蚀 local corrosion
腐蚀破坏主要集中在表面局部区域，而其他部分几乎未遭受腐蚀的一种现象。
172 极化 polarization
电极上有电流通过时，电极电势偏离其平衡值的现象。
173 极化度 polarizability
电极电势随电流密度的变化率，它相当于改变单位电流密度所引起的电极电势的变化。
174 极化曲线 polarization curve
描述电极电势与通过电极的电流密度之间关系的曲线。
175 阴极极化 cathodic polarization
当有电流通过时，阴极的电极电势向负的方向偏移的现象。
176 阳极极化 anodic polarization
当有电流通过时，阳极的电极电势向正的方向偏移的现象。
177 应力腐蚀 stress corrosion
金属材料在应力和腐蚀环境共同作用下而发生的开裂现象。
178 晶间腐蚀 intercrystalline corrosion
沿着晶粒边界发生的选择性腐蚀。
179 点腐蚀 spot corrosion
在金属表面出现的点状腐蚀。
180 接触电势 contact potential
两种不同的导电材料接触时，在界面上产生的电势差。
181 标准电极电势 standard electrode potential
在标准状态下，电极反应中所有反应物与产物的活度(或逸度)均等于l的平衡电极电势。
182 浓差极化 concentration polarization
电极上有电流通过时，由电极表面附近的反应物或产物浓度变化引起的极化。
183 活 度 activity
在标准状态下，溶液中组分的热力学浓度，即校正真实溶液与理想溶液性质的偏差而使用的有效
浓度。
184 配位化合物 complex compound
金属离子或原子与一定数目的带负电的基团或电中性的极性分子形成具有配位键的化合物。
185 复盐 double salt
两种盐以一定比例共同结晶而成的化合物。它实质上是以晶体形式存在的配位化合物。
186 界面张力 interracial tension
两相界面间存在的使界面收缩的作用力称为界面张力。若其中一相为气体则称为表面张力。
187 半电池 half-cell
单一电极与电解质溶液所构成的体系。
188 原电池 galvanic cell
能将化学能直接转变为电能的装置。一个原电池可以看作是由两个半电池组成的。
189 盐桥 salt bridge
连接两个半电池用于减小液接电势的装置，通常为盛有浓度较高的电解质溶液(例如饱和的KCL溶液)的玻璃管。
190 溶度积 solubility product
在一定温度下难溶电解质饱和溶液中相应的离子之浓度的乘积，其中各离子浓度的幂次与它在该电解质电离方程式中的系数相同。
191 溶解度 solubility
在一定的温度和压力下，在100g溶剂中所能溶解溶质最大的克数。
192 法拉第第一定律：电流通过电解质溶液时，在电极上析出（或溶解）的物质的量与通过的电量成正比。
193 法拉第第二定律：在电极上每析出（或溶解）1克当量的任何物质所需要的电量都是96500库仑。

其它相关术语

194 整流器 rectifier
把交流电直接变为直流电的设备。
195 高频电源 high frequency power supply
一种新型电源，其变压器为高频变压器，没有铁芯，损耗很小，效率高，纹波很小
196 隔膜 diaphragm
把电解槽的阳极区和阴极区彼此分隔开的多孔膜或半透膜。
197 离心干燥机 centrifuge
利用离心力使制件脱水干燥的设备。
198 水的软化 softening of water
除去水中钙镁等离子以降低其硬度的过程

测试和检验英汉对照

1 大气暴露试验atmospheric corrosion test
2 中性盐雾试验(NSS试验) neutral salt spray test(NSS-test)
3 不连续水膜water break
4 pH计 pH meter
5 孔隙率 porosity
6 内应力 internal stress
7 电导仪 conductivity gauge
8 库仑计(电量计) coulomb meter
9 旋转圆盘电极 rotating disk electrode
10 旋转环盘电极 rotating ring disk electrode
11 针孔 pores
12 铜加速盐雾试验(CASS试验) copper accelerated salt spray (CASS test )．
13 参比电极 reference electrode
14 甘汞电极 calomel electrode
15 可焊性 solder ability
16 硬度 hardness
17 金属变色 tarnish
18 点滴腐蚀试验 dropping corrosion test
19 玻璃电极glass electode
20 结合力 adhesion
21 哈林槽 Haring cell
22 恒电势法 potentiostatic method
23 恒电流法 galvanostatic method
24 交流电流法 a.c method
25 树枝状结晶 trees
26 脆性 brittleness
27 起皮 peeling
28 起泡 blister
29 剥离 spalling
30 桔皮 orange peel

术语英文解释

A

Abrasive Blasting
A process for cleaning or finishing by means of an abrasive directed at high velocity against the work piece.

Activation
Elimination of a passive condition on a surface.

Activity (Ion)
The ion concentration corrected for deviations from ideal behavior. Concentration multiplied by activity coefficient.

Addition Agent
A material added in small quantities to a plating solution to modify its characteristics. It is usually added to a plating solution for the purpose of modifying the characteristics of the deposit.

Adhesion
The attractive force that exists between an electrodeposited coating and its substrate that can be measured as the force required to separate the electrodeposited coating and its substrate.

Amorphous
Noncrystalline, or devoid of regular grain structure.

Ampere
The current that will deposit a metallic coating at the rate of 0.0011180 g per sec. current flowing at the rate of 1 coulomb per sec.

Angstrom Unit (A)
10-6 cm.

Anion
A negatively charged ion.

Anode
The electrode in electrolysis, at which negative ions are discharged, positive ions are formed, or other oxidizing reactions occur.

Anode Efficiency
Current efficiency of a specified anodic process.

Anode Film
(1) The layer of solution in contact with the anode that differs in composition from that of the bulk of the solution. (2). The outer layer of the anode itself consisting of oxidation or reaction products of the anode metal.

Anode Polarization
See Polarization.

Anodic Coating
A protective, decorative, or functional coating, formed by conversion of the surface of a metal in an electrolytic oxidation process(plating).

Anodizing
An electrolytic oxidation process in which the surface of a metal, when anodic, is converted to a coating having desirable protective, decorative, or functional properties.

Anolyte
The portion of electrolyte in the vicinity of the anode; in a divided cell, the portion of electrolyte on the anode side of the diaphragm.

Anti-Pitting Agent
An addition agent for the specific purpose of preventing gas pits in a deposit.

Automatic Machine (or Conveyor)
A machine for mechanically processing parts through treatment cycles,
such as cleaning, anodizing, or plating.

Automatic Plating
(1) Full. - Plating in which the cathodes are automatically conveyed through successive cleaning and plating tanks. (2) Semi. - Plating in which the cathodes are conveyed automatically through only one plating tank.

B

Back EMF (Electromotive Force)
The potential set up in an electrolytic cell that opposes the flow of current, caused by such factors as concentration polarization and electrode films. See EMF.

Barrel Burnishing
The smoothing of surfaces by means of tumbling the work in rotating barrels in the presence of metallic or ceramic shot, and in the absence of abrasive. In ball burnishing, the shot consists of hardened steel balls.

Barrel Finishing (or Tumbling)
Bulk processing in a barrel, in either the
presence or absence of abrasives or burnishing shot, for the purpose of improving the surface finish.

Barrel Plating (or Cleaning)
Plating or cleaning in which the work is
processed in bulk in a rotating container.

Base Metal
A metal that readily oxidizes or dissolves to
form ions. The opposite of noble metal.

Basis Metal (or Material)
Material upon which coatings are deposited.

Bipolar Electrode
An electrode that is not directly connected to
the power supply but is so placed in the
solution between the anode and the cathode so that the part nearest the anode becomes cathodic and the part nearest the cathode becomes anodic.

Blue Dip
A solution, once widely used, containing a
mercury compound used to deposit mercury upon a metal by immersion, usually prior to silver plating.

Bright Dip (Nonelectrolytic)
A solution used to produce a bright surface on a metal.

Bright Plating
A process that produces an electrodeposit having a high degree of specular reflectance in the as-plated condition.

Bright Plating Range
The range of current densities within which a
given plating solution produces a bright plate.

Bright-Throwing Power
The measure of the ability of a plating solution
or a specified set of plating conditions to deposit uniformly bright electroplate upon an
irregularly shaped cathode.

Brightener
An addition agent that leads to the formation of a bright plate, or that improves the brightness of the deposit.

Brush Plating
A method of plating in which the plating solution is applied with a pad or brush, within which is an anode and which is moved over the cathode (part) to be plated.

Buffer
A compound or mixture that, when contained in a solution, causes the solution to resist change in pH. Each buffer has a characteristic limited range of pH over which it is effective.

Buffing
The smoothing of a surface by means of a rotating flexible wheel to the surface of which fine, abrasive particles are applied in liquid suspension, paste, or grease stick form.

Building Up
Electroplating for the purpose of increasing the dimensions of an article.

Burnishing
The smoothing of surfaces by rubbing, accomplished chiefly by the movement rather than the removal of the surface layer.

Burnt Deposit
A rough, non-coherent or otherwise unsatisfactory deposit produced by the application of an excessive current density and usually containing oxides or other inclusions.

Bus (Bus Bar)
A rigid conducting section, for carrying current to the anode and cathode bars.

Butler Finish
A finish composed of fine, uniformly distributed parallel lines, having a characteristic luster usually produced with rotating wire brushes or cloth wheels with applied abrasives.

C

Calomel Half Cell (Calomel Electrode)
An electrode in contact with a solution of Potassium chloride of specified concentration that is saturated with mercurious chloride (calomel).

Cataphoresis
See Electrophoresis.

Cathode
The electrode in an electrolysis at which positive ions are discharged, negative ions are formed, or other reducing actions occur.

Cathode Efficiency
The current efficiency of a specified cathodic process.

Cathode Film
The layer of solution in contact with the cathode that differs in composition from that of the bulk of the solution.

Cathodic polarization
See polarization

Catholyte
The portion of the electrolyte in the vicinity of the cathode; in a divided cell
the portion on the cathode side of the diaphragm.

Cation
A positively-charged ion.

Chelate Compound
A Compound in which the metal is contained as an integral part of a ring structure and is not readily ionized.

Chelating Agent
A compound capable of forming a chelate compound with a metal ion. See Chelate Compound.

Chemical Polishing
The improvement in smoothness of a metal by simple immersion in a suitable solution. See Bright Dip (Nonelectrolytic).

Cleaning
The removal of grease or other foreign material
from a surface.

Alkaline Cleaning
Cleaning by means of alkaline solutions.

Anodic or Reverse Cleaning
Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the anode.

Cathodic or Direct Cleaning
Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the cathode.

Diphase Cleaning
Cleaning by means of a solution that contains a solvent layer and an aqueous layer. Cleaning is effected both by solvent and emulsifying action.

Direct Current Cleaning
See Cathodic or Direct Cleaning

Electrolytic Cleansing
Alkaline cleaning in which a current is passed through the solution, the work being one of the electrodes.

Immersion
see Soak Cleaning

Reverse Current Cleaning
See Anodic or Reverse Cleaning

Soak Cleaning
Cleaning by immersion without the use of current, usually in an alkaline solution.

Solvent Cleaning
Cleaning by means of organic solvents.

Spray Cleaning
Cleaning my means of spraying.

Ultrasonic Cleaning
Cleaning by any chemical means aided by ultrasonic energy.

Colloidal Particle
An electrically-charged particle, generally smaller in size than 200 m? dispersed in
a second continuous phase.

Coloring
(1) The production of desired colors on metal surfaces by appropriate chemical or
electrolytical action. (2) Light buffing of metal surfaces for the purpose of producing a high luster. Caged "Color buffing."

Complex Ion
An ion composed of two or more ions or radicals, both of which are capable of independent existence, for example cuprocyanide (Cu(CN)2)-.

Complexing Agent
A compound that will combine with metallic ions to form complex ions. See Complex Ion.

Composite Plate
An electrodeposit consisting of two or more layers of metal deposited successively.

Concentration Polarization
That part of the total polarization that is caused by changes in the activity of
the potential-determining components of the electrolyte.

Conductance
The capacity of a medium, usually expressed in mhos, for transmitting electric current. The reciprocal of resistance.

Conducting Salt
A salt added to the solution in order to increase its conductivity.

Conductivity - Specific Conductance
The current transferred across unit area per unit potential gradient. In the metric
system, K = amperes per sq cm divided by volts per cm. The reciprocal of resistivity.

Contact Plating
Deposition of a metal by the use of an internal source of current by immersion of the work in a solution in an contact with another metal.

Contact Potential
The potential difference at the junction of two dissimilar substances.

Conversion Coating
A coating produced by chemical or electrochemical treatment of a metal solution
that gives a superficial layer containing a compound of the metal, for example chromate coatings on zinc and cadmium, oxide coating on steel.

Corrosion
(1) Gradual solution or oxidation of a metal.
(2) Solution of anode metal by the electrochemical action in the plating cell.

Coulomb
The quantity of electricity that is transmitted through an electric circuit in 1 second when the current in the circuit is 1 amp. The quantity of electricity that will deposit 0.0011180 g of silver.

Coulometer
An electrolytic cell arranged to measure the quantity of electricity by the chemical reaction produced in accordance with Faraday's law.

Covering Power
The ability of a plating solution under a set of specified plating conditions to deposit metal on the surfaces of recesses or deep holes. (To be distinguished from throwing power.)

Critical Current Density
A current density above which a new and sometimes undesirable reaction occurs.

Current Density (cd)
Current per unit area.

Current Efficiency
The proportion, usually expressed as a percentage, of the current that is effective in carrying out a specified process in accordance with Faraday's Law.

Cutting Down
Polishing or buffing for the purpose of roughness or irregularities.

D

Deburring
The removal of burrs, sharp edges or fins by mechanical, chemical, or electrochemical means.

Decomposition Potential
The minimum potential, exclusive of IR drop, at which an electrochemical process can take place at an appreciable rate.

Degreasing
The removal of grease and oils from a surface.

Solvent Degreasing
Degreasing by immersion in a liquid organic solvent.

Vapor Degreasing
Degreasing by solvent vapors condensing on the parts being cleaned.

Deionization
The removal of ions from a solution by ion exchange.

Depolarization
A decrease in the polarization of an electrode at a specified current density.

Depolarizer
A substance or a means that produces depolarization.

Detergent
A surface active agent that possess the ability to clean soiled surfaces.

Anionic Detergent
A detergent that produces aggregates of negatively-charged ions with colloidal
properties.

Cationic Detergent
A detergent that produces aggregates of positively-charged ions with colloidal
properties.

Nonionic Detergent
A detergent that produces aggregates of electrically-neutral molecules with colloidal properties.

Diaphragm
A porous or permeable membrane separating anode and cathode compartments of an electrolytic cell from each other or from an intermediate compartment.

Diffusion Coating
An alloy coating produced by applying heat to one or more coatings deposited on a basis metal

Dispersing Agent
A substance that increases the stability of a suspension by retarding the flocculation of such particles.

Divided Cell
A cell containing a diaphragm or other means for physically separating the anolyte from the catholyte.

Double Salt
A compound of two salts that crystallize together in a definite proportion.

Drag-in
The water or solution that adheres to the objects introduced into a bath.

Drag-Out
The solution that adheres to the objects removed from a bath.

Dummy (or Dummy Cathode)
A cathode in a plating solution that is not to be made use of after plating. Often used for removal or decomposition of impurities.

E

Electrochemical Equivalent
The weight of an element, compound, radical, or ion involved in a specified electrochemical reaction during the passage of unit quantity of electricity, such as a Faraday, ampere-hour, or coulomb.

Electrochemistry
The branch of science and technology which deals with transformations between chemical and electrical energy.

Electrode
A conductor through which current enters or leaves an electrolytic cell, at which there is a charge from conduction by electrons to conduction by charged particles of matter, or vice versa.

Electrodeposition
The process of depositing a substance upon an electrode by electrolysis. See Electroforming, Electroplating, Electrorefining, and Electrowinning.

Electrode Potential
The difference in potential between an electrode and the immediately adjacent
electrolyte referred to some standard electrode potential as zero.

Dynamic E.P.
The electrode potential measured when current is passing between the electrode and the electrolyte.

Equilibrium E.P.
A static electrode potential when the electrode and the electrolyte are in equilibrium with
respect to a specified electrochemical reaction.

Static E.P.
The electrode potential measured when no net current is flowing between the electrode and the electrolyte.

Standard E.P.
An equilibrium electrode potential for an electrode in contact with an electrolyte in
which all of the components of a specified chemical reaction are in their standard
states. The standard state for an ionic constituent is unit ion activity.

Electroforming
The production or reproduction of articles by electrodeposition upon a mandrel or mold that is subsequently separated from the deposit.

Electrogalvanizing
Electrodeposition of zinc coatings.

Electroless Plating
Deposition of a metallic coating by a controlled chemical reduction that is catalyzed by the metal or alloy being deposited.

Electrolyte
(I) A conducting medium in which the flow of current is accompanied by a movement of matter. Most often an aqueous solution of acids, bases, or salts, but includes many other media, such as fused salts, ionized gases, some solids, etc.
(2) A substance that is capable of forming a conducting liquid medium when dissolved or melted.

Electrolysis
Production of chemical changes by the passage of current through an electrolyte.

Electrolytic Cell
A unit apparatus in which electrochemical reactions are produced by applying electrical energy, or which supplies electrical energy as a result of chemical reactions and which includes two or more electrodes and one or more electrolytes contained in a suitable vessel.

Electromotive Series
A table that lists in order the standard electrode potentials of specified chemical
reactions.

Electrophoresis
The movement of colloidal particles produced by the application of an electric potential.

Electroplating
The electrodeposition of an adherent metallic coating upon an electrode for the purpose of securing a surface with properties or dimensions different from those of the basis metal.

Electropolishing
The improvement in surface finish of a metal effected by making it anodic in an
appropriate solution.

Electrorefining
The process of anodically dissolving a metal from an impure anode and depositing it cathodically in a purer form.

Electrotyping
The production of printing plates by electroforming.

Electrowinning
The production of metals by electrolysis with insoluble anodes in solutions derived from ores or other materials.

Embrittlement, Hydrogen
See Hydrogen Embrittlement.

EMF (Electromotive Force)
An electrical potential.

Emulsion
A suspension of small droplets of one liquid in another in which it is insoluble. For the formation of a stable emulsion, an emulsifying agent must usually be present.

Emulsifying Agent
A substance that increases the stability of an emulsion.

Energy Efficiency
The product of the current efficiency and the voltage efficiency for a specified
electrochemical process.

Equivalent Conductivity
In an electrolyte, the conductivity of the solution divided by the number of equivalents of conducting solute per unit volume, that is, the conductivity divided by the normality of the solution.

Etch, (n)
A roughened surface produced by a chemical or electrochemical means.

Etch. (v)
To dissolve unevenly (or uniformly) a part of the surface of a metal.

F

Faraday
The number of coulombs (96,490) required for in an electrochemical reaction involving one chemical equivalent.

Filter Aid
An inert, insoluble material, more or less finely divided, used as a filter medium or to assist in filtration by preventing excessive packing of the filter cake.

Flash (or Flash Plate)
A thin electrodeposit, less than 0.1 mil. See Strike.

Flocculate
To aggregate into larger particles, to increase in size to the point where precipitation
occurs.

Formula Weight
The weight, in grams, pounds, or other units, obtained by adding the atomic weights of all elemental constituents in a chemical formula.

Free Cyanide:
(1) True The actual concentration of cyanide radical, or equivalent alkali cyanide, not combined in complex ions with metals in solution.
(2) Calculated. - The concentration of cyanide, or alkali cyanide, present in solution in excess of that calculated as necessary to form a specified complex ion with a metal or metals present in solution.
(3) Analytical free cyanide content of a solution, as determined by a specified analytical method.
Note - The true value of free-cyanide is rarely known with certainty and is therefore usually only dealt with in discussions of theory. The calculated or analytical value is usually used in practice.

G

Galvanic Call
An electrolytic cell capable of producing electrical energy by electrochemical action.

Galvanic Series
A list of metals and alloys arranged according to their relative Potentials in a given
environment. See Electromotive Series.

Galvanizing
Application of a coating of zinc.

Gassing
The evolution of gasses from one or more of the electrodes during electrolysis

Glass Electrode
A half cell in which the potential measurements are made through a glass membrane.

Grinding
The removal of metal by means of a rotating rigid wheel containing abrasive.

Grit Blasting
Abrasive blasting with small irregular pieces of steel or malleable cast iron.

H

Half Cell
An electrode immersed in a suitable electrolyte. It may be designed to yield a known constant potential, in which case unknown potentials may be measured against it for example the calomel half cell.

Hard Chromium
Chromium plated for engineering rather than decorative applications. Not necessarily harder than the latter.

Haring Cell
A rectangular box of nonconducting material, with principal and auxiliary electrodes so arranged as to permit estimation of throwing power of electrode polarizations and potentials between them.

High Lights
Those portions of a metal article most exposed to buffing or operations, and, hence, having the highest luster.

Hull Cell
A trapezoidal box of nonconducting material with electrodes arranged to permit observation of cathodic or anodic effects over a wide range of current densities.

Hydrogen Embrittlement
Embrittlement of a metal or alloy caused by absorption of hydrogen during a pickling, cleaning, or plating process.

Hydrogen Overvoltage
Overvoltage associated with the liberation of hydrogen.

Hydrophilic
(1) Tending to absorb water.
(2) Tending to concentrate in the aqueous phase.

Hydrophobic
(1) Tending to repel water.
(2) Lacking affinity for water.

I

Immersion Plate
A metallic deposit produced by a displacement reaction in which one metal displaces another from solution, for example: Fe + Cu++ -->Cu + Fe++

Indicator (pH)
A substance that changes color when the pH of the medium is changed. In the case of most useful indicators, the pH range within which the color changes is narrow.

Inert Anode
An anode that is insoluble in the electrolyte under the conditions prevailing in the
electrolysis.

Inhibitor
A substance used to reduce the rate of a chemical or electrochemical reaction, commonly corrosion or pickling.

Interfacial Tension
The contractile force of an interface between two phases. See Surface Tension.

Ion
An electrified portion of matter of atomic or molecular dimensions.

Ion Exchange
An exchange of ions between a solution and a solid. In practice, most commonly effected by ion exchange resins.

IR Drop
The voltage across a resistance in accordance with Ohm's Law: E = IR where: E = potential (voltage), I = current, and R = resistance.

K

Karat
A twenty-fourth part by weight; thus 18-karat gold is 18/24 pure.

L

Lapping
Rubbing two surfaces together, with or without abrasives, for the purpose of obtaining extreme dimensional accuracy or superior surface finish.

Leveling Action
The ability of a plating solution to produce a surface smoother than that of the substrate.

Limiting Current Density:
(1) Cathodic: The maximum current density at which satisfactory deposits can be
obtained.
(2) Anodic: - The maximum current density at which the anode behaves normally,
without excessive polarization.

M

Mat Finish (Matte Finish)
A dull finish.

Matrix
A form used as a cathode in electroforming; a mold or mandrel.

Metal Distribution Ratio
The ratio of the thicknesses of metal upon two specified areas of a cathode. See Throwing Power.

Metallizing
(1) The application of an electrically conductive metallic layer to the surface of
nonconductors.
(2) The application of metallic coatings by nonelectrolytic procedures such as
spraying of molten metal and deposition from the vapor phase.

Microinch
One millionth of an inch, 0.000001 in; = 0.001 mil.

Microthrowing Power
The ability of a plating solution or a specified set of plating conditions to deposit metal in pores or scratches.

Mil
One thousandth of an inch, 0.001 in. = 25.4 ?

Mill Scale
The heavy oxide layer formed during hot fabrication or heat treatment of metals.

Motor-Generator (MG Set)
A machine that consists of one or more motors mechanically coupled to one or
more generators. In plating, such a machine in which the generator delivers DC of
appropriate amperage and voltage.

N

Noble Metal
A metal that does not readily tend to furnish ions, and therefore does not dissolve readily, nor easily enter into such reactions as oxidations, etc. The opposite of base metal.
Note - Since there is no agreement over the sign of electrode potentials the words noble and base are often preferred because they are unambiguous.

Nodule
A rounded projection formed on a cathode electrodeposition.

O

Orange Peel
A finish resembling the dimpled appearance of an orange peel.

Overvoltage
The irreversible excess of potential required for an electrochemical reaction to proceed actively at a specified electrode, over and above the reversible potential characteristics of that reaction.

Oxidation
A reaction in which electrons are removed from a reactant. Sometimes, more specifically the combination of a reactant with oxygen.

Oxidizing Agent
A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself becoming reduced.

P

pH
The cologarithm (negative logarithm) of the hydrogen ion activity, less precisely,
concentration, of a medium, as determined by indicators or electrometric means.

Passivity
The condition of a metal that retards its normal reaction in a specified environment and associated with the assumption of a potential more noble than its normal potential.

Peeling
The detachment or partial detachment of an electrodeposited coating from a basis metal or undercoat.

Periodic Reverse Plating
A method of plating in which the current is reversed periodically. The cycles are usually no longer than a few minutes and may be much less.

Pickle
An acid solution used to remove oxides or other compounds from the surface of a metal by chemical or electrochemical action.

Pickling
The removal of oxides or other compounds from a metal surface by means of a pickle.

Pit
A small depression or cavity produced in a metal surface during electrodeposition or by corrosion.

Plastisol
A mixture of resins, plasticizers, and other minor additives, such as pigments, etc., that can be converted to a continuous film by the application of heat. Distinct from baking enamels, etc., in that substantially all the original mixture becomes a part of the film; them is no significant evaporation of solvent. The films am usually much thicker than obtainable from coatings which depend on the evaporation of a volatile solvent.

Plating Range
The current density range over which a satisfactory electroplate can be deposited.

Polarization
The change in the potential of an electrode during electrolysis, such that the potential of an anode always becomes more noble and that of a cathode becomes less noble than their respective static potentials. Equal to the difference between the static potential and the dynamic potential.

Polarizer
A substance or a means that produces or increases polarization.

Polishing
The smoothing of a metal surface by means of the action of abrasive particles attached by adhesive to the surface of wheels or endless belts usually driven at a high speed.

Primary Current Distribution
The distribution of the current over the surface of an electrode in an the absence of polarization.

R

Rack, Plating
A frame for suspending and carrying current to articles during plating and related operations.

Rectification
The conversion of alternating into direct current.

Rectifier
A device that converts alternating into direct current by virtue of a characteristic permitting appreciable flow of current in only one direction.

Reducing Agent
A compound that causes reduction, thereby itself becoming oxidized.

Reduction
A reaction in which electrons are added to a reactant. More specifically, the addition of hydrogen or the abstraction of oxygen. Such a reaction takes place, for example, at the cathode in electrolysis.

Relieving
The removal of material from selected portions of a colored metal surface by mechanical means, to achieve a multi-colored effect.

Resist, n
(1) A material applied to a part of a cathode or plating rack to render the surface
nonconductive.
(2) A material applied to a part of the surface of an article to prevent reaction
of metal from that area during chemical or electrochemical processes.

Ripple (DC)
Regular modulations in the DC output wave of a rectifier unit, or a motor-generator set, originating from the harmonics of the AC input system in the case of a rectifier, or from the harmonics of the induced voltage of a motor. Generator set.

Robber
See Thief.

S

Sacrificial Protection
The form of corrosion protection wherein one metal corrodes in preference to
another, thereby protecting the latter from corrosion.

Sand Blasting
Abrasive blasting with sand.

Saponification
The alkaline hydrolysis of fats whereby a soap is formed; more generally, the hydrolysis of an ester by an alkali with the formation of an alcohol and a salt of the acid portion.

Satin Finish - A surface finish that behaves as a diffuse reflector and which is lustrous but not mirrorlike.

Scale
An adherent oxide coating that is thicker than the superficial film referred to as tarnish.

Sealing of Anodic Coating
A process which, by absorption, chemical reaction, or other mechanism, increases the resistance of an anodic coating to staining and corrosion, improves the durability of colors produced in the coating, or imparts other desirable properties.

Sequestering Agent
A sequestering agent forms soluble complex ions with, or sequesters, a simple ion, thereby suppressing the activity of that ion. Thus, in water treatment the effects of hardness can be suppressed by adding agents to sequester calcium and magnesium. See Chelating Agent.

Shield, (n) A nonconducting medium for altering the current distribution on an anode or cathode.
Shield, (v) To alter the normal current distribution on an anode or cathode by the interposition of a nonconductor.

Slurry
A of suspension of solids in water.

Spotting out
The delayed appearance of spots and blemishes on plated or finished surfaces.

Stalagmometer
An apparatus for determining surface tension. The mass of a drop of a liquid is measured by weighing a known number of drops or by counting the number of drops obtained from a given volume of the liquid.

Stop-Off
See Resist.

Stopping Off
The application of a resist to any part of an electrode - cathode, anode, or rack.

Stray current
Current through paths other than the intended circuit, such as through heating coils or the tank.

Strike:
(1) (n) A thin film of metal to be followed by other
coatings.
(2) (n) A solution used to deposit a strike.
(3) (v). - To plate for a short time, usually at a high initial current density.

Strip
(1) (v) To remove a coating from the basis metal or undercoat.

Strip
(1) (n) A process or solution used for the removal of a coating from a basis metal or an undercoat

Substrate
See Basis Metal (or Material).

Superimposed AC
A form of current in which an alternating current component is superimposed on the direct plating current.

Surface Active Agent (Surfactant)
A soluble or colloidal substance having the property of affecting markedly the surface energy of solutions even when present in very low concentration.

Surface Tension
That property, due to molecular forces, that exists in the surface film of all liquids and tends to prevent the liquid from spreading.

T

Tank Voltage
The total voltage between the anode and cathode of a plating bath or electrolytic cell during electrolysis. It is equal to the sum of:
(1) the equilibrium reaction potential,
(2) the IR drop, and
(3) the electrode potentials.

Tarnish
The dulling, staining, or discoloration of metals due to superficial corrosion. The film so formed.

Thief
An auxiliary cathode so placed as to divert to itself some current from portions of the work which would otherwise receive too high a current density.

Throwing Power
The improvement of the coating (usually metal) distribution over the primary current distribution on an electrode (usually cathode) in a given solution, under specified conditions. The term may also be used for anodic processes for which the definition is analogous.

Total Cyanide
The total content of cyanide expressed as the radical CN-, or alkali cyanide whether present as simple or complex ions. The sum of both the combined and free cyanide content of a solution.

Transference (or Transport, or Migration)
The movement of ions through the electrolyte associated with the passage of the electric current.

Transference Number (Transport Number)
The proportion of the total current carried by the ions of a given kind.

Trees
Branched or irregular projections formed on a cathode during electrodeposition especially at edges and other high current density areas.

Tripoli
Friable and dustlike silica used as an abrasive.

Tumbling
See Barrel Finishing.

V

Voltage Efficiency
The ratio, usually expressed as a percentage, of the equilibrium reaction potential in a given electrochemical process to the bath voltage.

W

Water Break
The appearance of a discontinuous film of water on a surface signifying non-uniform wetting and usually associated with a surface contamination.

Wet Blasting
A process for cleaning or finishing by means of a slurry or abrasive in water directed at high velocity against the work pieces.

Wetting Agent
A substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid, thereby causing it to spread more readily on a solid surface.

Whiskers
Metallic filamentary growths, often microscopic, sometimes formed during electrodeposition and sometimes spontaneously during storage or service, after finishing.

Work (Plating)
The material being plated or otherwise finished.